State: Rajasthan - Districts: 33, Capital: Jaipur, Area: 342239, Population: 68621012, Divsions: 7 | |||||
The Indian state of Rajasthan is divided into 33 districts for administrative purposes. The responsibilities of district management are carried out by a number of All-India officials and a number of state-appointed officials. The All-India officials in each district are a Deputy Commissioner or district Magistrate (from the Indian Administrative Service), a Superintendent of Police (from the Indian Police Service) and a Deputy Conservator of Forests (from the Indian Forest Service), each of which is assisted by officers of various Rajasthan state services. The state-appointed officials are responsible for matters such as health, education, and agriculture in each district. The 33 districts are grouped into Seven Divisions (1. Ajmer, 2. Bharatpur, 3. Bikaner, 4. Jaipur, 5. Jodhpur, 6. Kota, 7. Udaipur): | |||||
Sl | District | Headquarters | Area (km²) | Population (2011) | Divisions (7) |
1 | Ajmer | Ajmer | 8,481 | 2,584,913 | Ajmer |
2 | Alwar | Alwar | 8,380 | 3,671,999 | Jaipur |
3 | Banswara | Banswara | 5,037 | 1,798,194 | Udaipur |
4 | Baran | Baran | 6,955 | 1,223,921 | Kota |
5 | Barmer | Barmer | 28,387 | 2,604,453 | Jodhpur |
6 | Bharatpur | Bharatpur | 5,066 | 2,549,121 | Bharatpur |
7 | Bhilwara | Bhilwara | 10,455 | 2,410,459 | Ajmer |
8 | Bikaner | Bikaner | 27,244 | 2,367,745 | Bikaner |
9 | Bundi | Bundi | 5,550 | 1,113,725 | Kota |
10 | Chittorgarh | Chittorgarh | 10,856 | 1,544,392 | Udaipur |
11 | Churu | Churu | 16,830 | 2,041,172 | Bikaner |
12 | Dausa | Dausa | 2,950 | 1,637,226 | Jaipur |
13 | Dholpur | Dholpur | 3,084 | 1,207,293 | Bharatpur |
14 | Dungarpur | Dungarpur | 3,770 | 1,388,906 | Udaipur |
15 | Hanumangarh | Hanumangarh | 12,645 | 1,779,650 | Bikaner |
16 | Jaipur | Jaipur | 14,068 | 6,663,971 | Jaipur |
17 | Jaisalmer | Jaisalmer | 38,401 | 672,008 | Jodhpur |
18 | Jalor | Jalore | 10,640 | 1,830,151 | Jodhpur |
19 | Jhalawar | Jhalawar | 6,219 | 1,411,327 | Kota |
20 | Jhunjhunu | Jhunjhunu | 5,928 | 2,139,658 | Jaipur |
21 | Jodhpur | Jodhpur | 22,850 | 3,685,681 | Jodhpur |
22 | Karauli | Karauli | 5530 | 1,458,459 | Bharatpur |
23 | Kota | Kota | 5,446 | 1,950,491 | Kota |
24 | Nagaur | Nagaur | 17,718 | 3,309,234 | Ajmer |
25 | Pali | Pali | 12,387 | 2,038,533 | Jodhpur |
26 | Pratapgarh[1] | Pratapgarh | 4,117 | 868,231 | Udaipur |
27 | Rajsamand | Rajsamand | 4,768 | 1,158,283 | Udaipur |
28 | Sawai Madhopur | Sawai Madhopur | 10,527 | 1,338,114 | Bharatpur |
29 | Sikar | Sikar | 7,732 | 2,677,737 | Jaipur |
30 | Sirohi | Sirohi | 5,136 | 1,037,185 | Jodhpur |
31 | Sri Ganganagar | Sri Ganganagar | 7,984 | 1,969,520 | Bikaner |
32 | Tonk | Tonk | 7,194 | 1,421,711 | Ajmer |
33 | Udaipur | Udaipur | 13,883 | 3,067,549 | Udaipur |
Friday, October 12, 2012
Rajsthan
Tuesday, October 9, 2012
Columbus
.
.
On October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus set
foot on the fine white sands of an island in the Bahamas, unfurled the
Spanish royal standard and claimed the territory for King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella. Although Columbus thought he was in Asia, he had
actually landed in the “New World.” History—for better and worse—would
never be the same again. Here are 10 things you may not know about the
famed explorer.
1. Columbus didn’t set out to prove the earth was round.
Forget those myths perpetuated by everyone from Washington Irving to
Bugs Bunny. There was no need for Columbus to debunk the
flat-earthers—the ancient Greeks had already done so. As early as the
sixth century B.C., the Greek mathematician Pythagoras surmised the
world was round, and two centuries later Aristotle backed him up with
astronomical observations. By 1492 most educated people knew the planet
was not shaped like a pancake.
2. Columbus was likely not the first European to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
That distinction is generally given to the Norse Viking Leif Eriksson,
who is believed to have landed in present-day Newfoundland around 1000
A.D., almost five centuries before Columbus set sail. Some historians
even claim that Ireland’s Saint Brendan or other Celtic people crossed
the Atlantic before Eriksson. While the United States commemorates
Columbus—even though he never set foot on the North American
mainland—with parades and a federal holiday, Leif Eriksson Day on
October 9 receives little fanfare.
3. Three countries refused to back Columbus’ voyage.
For nearly a decade, Columbus lobbied European monarchies to bankroll
his quest to discover a western sea route to Asia. In Portugal, England
and France, the response was the same: no. The experts told Columbus his
calculations were wrong and that the voyage would take much longer than
he thought. Royal advisors in Spain raised similar concerns to King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Turns out the naysayers were right.
Columbus dramatically underestimated the earth’s circumference and the
size of the oceans. Luckily for him, he ran into the uncharted Americas.
4. Nina and Pinta were not the actual names of two of Columbus’ three ships.
In 15th-century Spain, ships were traditionally named after saints.
Salty sailors, however, bestowed less-than-sacred nicknames upon their
vessels. Mariners dubbed one of the three ships on Columbus’s 1492
voyage the Pinta, Spanish for “the painted one” or “prostitute.” The
Santa Clara, meanwhile, was nicknamed the Nina in honor of its owner,
Juan Nino. Although the Santa Maria is called by its official name, its
nickname was La Gallega, after the province of Galicia in which it was
built.
5. The Santa Maria wrecked on Columbus’ historic voyage.
On Christmas Eve of 1492, a cabin boy ran Columbus’s flagship into a
coral reef on the northern coast of Hispaniola, near present-day Cap
Haitien, Haiti. Its crew spent a very un-merry Christmas salvaging the
Santa Maria’s cargo. Columbus returned to Spain aboard the Nina, but he
had to leave nearly 40 crewmembers behind to start the first European
settlement in the Americas—La Navidad. When Columbus returned to the
settlement in the fall of 1493, none of the crew were found alive.
6. Columbus made four voyages to the New World.
Although best known for his historic 1492 expedition, Columbus returned
to the Americas three more times in the following decade. His voyages
took him to Caribbean islands, South America and Central America.
7. Columbus returned to Spain in chains in 1500.
Columbus’s governance of Hispaniola could be brutal and tyrannical.
Native islanders who didn’t collect enough gold could have their hands
cut off, and rebel Spanish colonists were executed at the gallows.
Colonists complained to the monarchy about mismanagement, and a royal
commissioner dispatched to Hispaniola arrested Columbus in August 1500
and brought him back to Spain in chains. Although Columbus was stripped
of his governorship, King Ferdinand not only granted the explorer his
freedom but subsidized a fourth voyage.
8. A lunar eclipse may have saved Columbus.
In February 1504, a desperate Columbus was stranded in Jamaica,
abandoned by half his crew and denied food by the islanders. The heavens
that he relied on for navigation, however, would guide him safely once
again. Knowing from his almanac that a lunar eclipse was coming on
February 29, 1504, Columbus warned the islanders that his god was upset
with their refusal of food and that the moon would “rise inflamed with
wrath” as an expression of divine displeasure. On the appointed night,
the eclipse darkened the moon and turned it red, and the terrified
islanders offered provisions and beseeched Columbus to ask his god for
mercy.
9. Even in death, Columbus continued to cross the Atlantic.
Following his death in 1506, Columbus was buried in Valladolid, Spain,
and then moved to Seville. At the request of his daughter-in-law, the
bodies of Columbus and his son Diego were shipped across the Atlantic to
Hispaniola and interred in a Santo Domingo cathedral. When the French
captured the island in 1795, the Spanish dug up remains thought to be
those of the explorer and moved them to Cuba before returning them to
Seville after the Spanish-American War in 1898. However, a box with
human remains and the explorer’s name was discovered inside the Santo
Domingo cathedral in 1877. Did the Spaniards exhume the wrong body? DNA
testing in 2006 found evidence that at least some of the remains in
Seville are those of Columbus. The Dominican Republic has refused to let
the other remains be tested. It could be possible that, aptly, pieces
of Columbus are both in the New World and the Old World.
10. Heirs of Columbus and the Spanish monarchy were in litigation until 1790.
After the death of Columbus, his heirs waged a lengthy legal battle with
the Spanish crown, claiming that the monarchy short-changed them on
money and profits due the explorer. Most of the Columbian lawsuits were
settled by 1536, but the legal proceedings nearly dragged on until the
300th anniversary of Columbus’ famous voyage.
.
Wednesday, October 3, 2012
First Aid
.
First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by non-expert, but trained personnel to a sick or injured person until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.
While first aid can also be performed on all animals, the term generally refers to care of human patients. Aim can be summarized in three key points:
• Preserve Life: the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives
• Prevent Further Harm: also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, or danger of Further Injury, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.
• Promote Recovery: first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound
First aid training also involves the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, and the treatment phases.
Key Skills
Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. Particularly the "ABC"s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving intervention, must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The same mnemonic is used by all emergency health professionals. Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear. Obstruction (choking) is a life-threatening emergency. Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid attendant would determine adequacy of breathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary. Assessment of circulation is now not usually carried out for patients who are not breathing, with first aiders now trained to go straight to chest compressions (and thus providing artificial circulation) but pulse checks may be done on less patients.
Some organizations add a fourth step of "D" for Deadly bleeding or Defibrillation, while others consider this as part of the Circulation step. Variations on techniques to evaluate and maintain the ABCs depend on the skill level of the first aider. Once the ABCs are secured, first aiders can begin additional treatments, as required. Some organizations teach the same order of priority using the "3Bs": Breathing, Bleeding, and Bones (or "4Bs": Breathing, Bleeding, Brain, and Bones). While the ABCs and 3Bs are taught to be performed sequentially, certain conditions may require the consideration of two steps simultaneously. This includes the provision of both artificial respiration and chest compressions to someone who is not breathing and has no pulse, and the consideration of cervical spine injuries when ensuring an open airway.
Preserving life
In order to stay alive, all persons need to have an open airway—a clear passage where air can move in through the mouth or nose through the pharynx and down in to the lungs, without obstruction. Conscious people will maintain their own airway automatically, but those who are unconscious (with a GCS of less than 8) may be unable to maintain a patent airway, as the part of the brain which automatically controls breathing in normal situations may not be functioning.
If the patient was breathing, a first aider would normally then place them in the recovery position, with the patient leant over on their side, which also has the effect of clearing the tongue from the pharynx. It also avoids a common cause of death in unconscious patients, which is choking on regurgitated stomach contents.
The airway can also become blocked through a foreign object becoming lodged in the pharynx or larynx, commonly called choking. The first aider will be taught to deal with this through a combination of ‘back slaps’ and ‘abdominal thrusts’.
Once the airway has been opened, the first aider would assess to see if the patient is breathing. If there is no breathing, or the patient is not breathing normally, such as agonal breathing, the first aider would undertake what is probably the most recognized first aid procedure—cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR, which involves breathing for the patient, and manually massaging the heart to promote blood flow around the body.
Promoting Recovery
The first aider is also likely to be trained in dealing with injuries such as cuts, grazes or bone fracture. They may be able to deal with the situation in its entirety (a small adhesive bandage on a paper cut), or may be required to maintain the condition of something like a broken bone, until the next stage of definitive care (usually an ambulance) arrives.
Training
First aid scenario training in progress
Basic principles, such as knowing to use an adhesive bandage or applying direct pressure on a bleed, are often acquired passively through life experiences. However, to provide effective, life-saving first aid interventions requires instruction and practical training. This is especially true where it relates to potentially fatal illnesses and injuries, such as those that require cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); these procedures may be invasive, and carry a risk of further injury to the patient and the provider. As with any training, it is more useful if it occurs before an actual emergency, and in many countries, emergency ambulance dispatchers may give basic first aid instructions over the phone while the ambulance is on the way.
Training is generally provided by attending a course, typically leading to certification. Due to regular changes in procedures and protocols, based on updated clinical knowledge, and to maintain skill, attendance at regular refresher courses or re-certification is often necessary. First aid training is often available through community organizations such as the Red Cross and St. John Ambulance, or through commercial providers, who will train people for a fee. This commercial training is most common for training of employees to perform first aid in their workplace. Many community organizations also provide a commercial service, which complements their community programmes.
CPR
CardioPulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure which is performed in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person in cardiac arrest. It is indicated in those who are unresponsive with no breathing or abnormal breathing, for example agonal respirations. It may be performed both in and outside of a hospital.
CPR involves chest compressions at least 5 cm deep and at a rate of at least 100 per minute in an effort to create artificial circulation by manually pumping blood through the heart. In addition, the rescuer may provide breaths by either exhaling into the subject's mouth or nose or utilizing a device that pushes air into the subject's lungs. This process of externally providing ventilation is termed artificial respiration. Current recommendations place emphasis on high-quality chest compressions over artificial respiration; a simplified CPR method involving chest compressions only is recommended for untrained rescuers.
CPR alone is unlikely to restart the heart; its main purpose is to restore partial flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and heart. The objective is to delay tissue death and to extend the brief window of opportunity for a successful resuscitation without permanent brain damage. Administration of an electric shock to the subject's heart, termed defibrillation, is usually needed in order to restore a viable or "perfusing" heart rhythm. Defibrillation is only effective for certain heart rhythms, namely ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, rather than asystole or pulseless electrical activity. CPR may succeed in inducing a heart rhythm which may be shockable. CPR is generally continued until the subject regains return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or is declared dead.
.
First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by non-expert, but trained personnel to a sick or injured person until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.
While first aid can also be performed on all animals, the term generally refers to care of human patients. Aim can be summarized in three key points:
• Preserve Life: the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives
• Prevent Further Harm: also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, or danger of Further Injury, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.
• Promote Recovery: first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound
First aid training also involves the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, and the treatment phases.
Key Skills
Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. Particularly the "ABC"s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving intervention, must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The same mnemonic is used by all emergency health professionals. Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear. Obstruction (choking) is a life-threatening emergency. Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid attendant would determine adequacy of breathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary. Assessment of circulation is now not usually carried out for patients who are not breathing, with first aiders now trained to go straight to chest compressions (and thus providing artificial circulation) but pulse checks may be done on less patients.
Some organizations add a fourth step of "D" for Deadly bleeding or Defibrillation, while others consider this as part of the Circulation step. Variations on techniques to evaluate and maintain the ABCs depend on the skill level of the first aider. Once the ABCs are secured, first aiders can begin additional treatments, as required. Some organizations teach the same order of priority using the "3Bs": Breathing, Bleeding, and Bones (or "4Bs": Breathing, Bleeding, Brain, and Bones). While the ABCs and 3Bs are taught to be performed sequentially, certain conditions may require the consideration of two steps simultaneously. This includes the provision of both artificial respiration and chest compressions to someone who is not breathing and has no pulse, and the consideration of cervical spine injuries when ensuring an open airway.
Preserving life
In order to stay alive, all persons need to have an open airway—a clear passage where air can move in through the mouth or nose through the pharynx and down in to the lungs, without obstruction. Conscious people will maintain their own airway automatically, but those who are unconscious (with a GCS of less than 8) may be unable to maintain a patent airway, as the part of the brain which automatically controls breathing in normal situations may not be functioning.
If the patient was breathing, a first aider would normally then place them in the recovery position, with the patient leant over on their side, which also has the effect of clearing the tongue from the pharynx. It also avoids a common cause of death in unconscious patients, which is choking on regurgitated stomach contents.
The airway can also become blocked through a foreign object becoming lodged in the pharynx or larynx, commonly called choking. The first aider will be taught to deal with this through a combination of ‘back slaps’ and ‘abdominal thrusts’.
Once the airway has been opened, the first aider would assess to see if the patient is breathing. If there is no breathing, or the patient is not breathing normally, such as agonal breathing, the first aider would undertake what is probably the most recognized first aid procedure—cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR, which involves breathing for the patient, and manually massaging the heart to promote blood flow around the body.
Promoting Recovery
The first aider is also likely to be trained in dealing with injuries such as cuts, grazes or bone fracture. They may be able to deal with the situation in its entirety (a small adhesive bandage on a paper cut), or may be required to maintain the condition of something like a broken bone, until the next stage of definitive care (usually an ambulance) arrives.
Training
First aid scenario training in progress
Basic principles, such as knowing to use an adhesive bandage or applying direct pressure on a bleed, are often acquired passively through life experiences. However, to provide effective, life-saving first aid interventions requires instruction and practical training. This is especially true where it relates to potentially fatal illnesses and injuries, such as those that require cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); these procedures may be invasive, and carry a risk of further injury to the patient and the provider. As with any training, it is more useful if it occurs before an actual emergency, and in many countries, emergency ambulance dispatchers may give basic first aid instructions over the phone while the ambulance is on the way.
Training is generally provided by attending a course, typically leading to certification. Due to regular changes in procedures and protocols, based on updated clinical knowledge, and to maintain skill, attendance at regular refresher courses or re-certification is often necessary. First aid training is often available through community organizations such as the Red Cross and St. John Ambulance, or through commercial providers, who will train people for a fee. This commercial training is most common for training of employees to perform first aid in their workplace. Many community organizations also provide a commercial service, which complements their community programmes.
CPR
CardioPulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure which is performed in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person in cardiac arrest. It is indicated in those who are unresponsive with no breathing or abnormal breathing, for example agonal respirations. It may be performed both in and outside of a hospital.
CPR involves chest compressions at least 5 cm deep and at a rate of at least 100 per minute in an effort to create artificial circulation by manually pumping blood through the heart. In addition, the rescuer may provide breaths by either exhaling into the subject's mouth or nose or utilizing a device that pushes air into the subject's lungs. This process of externally providing ventilation is termed artificial respiration. Current recommendations place emphasis on high-quality chest compressions over artificial respiration; a simplified CPR method involving chest compressions only is recommended for untrained rescuers.
CPR alone is unlikely to restart the heart; its main purpose is to restore partial flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and heart. The objective is to delay tissue death and to extend the brief window of opportunity for a successful resuscitation without permanent brain damage. Administration of an electric shock to the subject's heart, termed defibrillation, is usually needed in order to restore a viable or "perfusing" heart rhythm. Defibrillation is only effective for certain heart rhythms, namely ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, rather than asystole or pulseless electrical activity. CPR may succeed in inducing a heart rhythm which may be shockable. CPR is generally continued until the subject regains return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or is declared dead.
.
Sunday, September 30, 2012
International Space Station
.
The International Space Station orbits the Earth about 16 times each day. It takes the International Space Station (ISS) about 90 minutes to orbit the earth, meaning that it makes the journey around the planet about 16 times each day. As of July 2012, the ISS had traveled more than 1.75 billion miles (2.8 billion km). The voyage from Earth to the ISS takes about two days, partly because of the time that it takes to inspect a space shuttle prior to letting it dock onto the ISS.
.
Friday, September 28, 2012
US DATA : wiseGEEK
.
More than 26% of people in the US live alone -- twice the percentage from
40 years ago.
According to the US Census, 7.7% of US residents lived alone in 1940 as
compared to 26.7% in 2010. One person households increased with each Census
since 1940 with the greatest jump occurring in the 1970s. In 1970, 17.6% of
Census respondents indicated that they lived alone. By 1980, 22.7% were
living alone, an increase of 5.1%.
http://www.wisegeek.com/how-ha s-the-number-of-people-living- alone-changed-over-time.htm?m
.
More than 26% of people in the US live alone -- twice the percentage from
40 years ago.
According to the US Census, 7.7% of US residents lived alone in 1940 as
compared to 26.7% in 2010. One person households increased with each Census
since 1940 with the greatest jump occurring in the 1970s. In 1970, 17.6% of
Census respondents indicated that they lived alone. By 1980, 22.7% were
living alone, an increase of 5.1%.
http://www.wisegeek.com/how-ha
.
Endorphins: Natural Pain and Stress Fighters.
.
In simpler terms "The Chemical Released by the Brain when you are in contact with Opposite Sex" is ENDOPHIN?
In simpler terms "The Chemical Released by the Brain when you are in contact with Opposite Sex" is ENDOPHIN?
- Surprising Reasons You're in Pain Slideshow Pictures
- Back Pain Myths and Facts Slideshow
- Take the Pain Quiz!
Endorphins are among the brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters, which
function to transmit electrical signals within the nervous system. At least 20
types of endorphins have been demonstrated in humans. Endorphins can be found
in the pituitary gland, in other parts of the brain, or
distributed throughout the nervous system.
Stress and pain are the two most common factors leading to
the release of endorphins. Endorphins interact with the opiate receptors in the brain to reduce our
perception of pain and act similarly to drugs such as morphine and codeine. In contrast to the opiate
drugs, however, activation of the opiate receptors by the body's endorphins
does not lead to addiction or dependence.
In addition to decreased feelings of
pain, secretion of endorphins leads to feelings of euphoria, modulation of appetite, release of sex
hormones, and enhancement of the immune response. With high endorphin levels, we feel less pain and fewer
negative effects of stress. Endorphins have been suggested as modulators of the
so-called "runner's high" that athletes achieve with prolonged exercise.
While the role of endorphins and other compounds as potential triggers of this
euphoric response has been debated extensively by doctors and scientists, it is
at least known that the body does produce endorphins in response to prolonged,
continuous exercise.
Endorphin release varies among
individuals. This means that two people who exercise at the same level or
suffer the same degree of pain will not necessarily produce similar levels of
endorphins. Certain foods, such as chocolate or chili peppers, can also lead to
enhanced secretion of endorphins. In the case of chili peppers, the spicier the
pepper, the more endorphins are secreted. The release of endorphins upon ingestion
of chocolate likely explains the comforting feelings that many people associate
with this food and the craving for chocolate in times of stress.
Even if you don't
participate in strenuous athletics, you can also try various activities to
increase your body's endorphin levels. Studies of acupuncture and massage therapy have shown that both of these techniques
can stimulate endorphin secretion. Sex is also a potent trigger for endorphin release. Finally, the
practice of meditation can increase the amount of endorphins
released in your body.
.
Thursday, September 27, 2012
Anemia
.
Anemia
(anaemia
and anæmia; from ancient Greek, meaning lack of blood) is a
decrease in number of Red Blood Cell (RBCs) or less than the Normal
Quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. However, it can include decreased
oxygen-binding ability of each hemoglobin molecule due to deformity or lack in
numerical development as in some other types of Hemoglobin Deficiency.Because hemoglobin (found inside RBCs) normally carries Oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, Anemia leads to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) in organs. Since all human cells depend on Oxygen for survival, varying degrees of anemia can have a wide range of clinical consequences.
Anemia is the most common disorder of the blood.
The three main classes include excessive blood loss (acutely such as a hemorrhage or chronically through low-volume loss), excessive blood cell destruction (hemolysis) or deficient red blood cell production (ineffective hematopoiesis).
WHO's Hemoglobin thresholds used to define ANEMIA
(1 g/dL = 0.6206 mmol/L)
|
||
Age or gender group
|
Hb
threshold (g/dl)
|
Hb
threshold (mmol/l)
|
Children
(0.5–5.0 yrs)
|
11.0
|
6.8
|
Children
(5–12 yrs)
|
11.5
|
7.1
|
Teens
(12–15 yrs)
|
12.0
|
7.4
|
Women,
non-pregnant (>15yrs)
|
12.0
|
7.4
|
Women,
pregnant
|
11.0
|
6.8
|
Men
(>15yrs)
|
13.0
|
8.1
|
Treatments
Treatments for anemia depend on
severity and cause.
Oral
Iron : Iron deficiency from
nutritional causes is rare in men and postmenopausal women. The diagnosis of
iron deficiency mandates a search for potential sources of loss, such as
gastrointestinal bleeding from ulcers or colon cancer. Mild to moderate
iron-deficiency anemia is treated by oral iron supplementation with ferrous sulfate, ferrous
fumarate, or ferrous gluconate. When taking iron supplements,
stomach upset and/or darkening of the feces are commonly experienced. The
stomach upset can be alleviated by taking the iron with food; however, this
decreases the amount of iron absorbed. Vitamin C
aids in the body's ability to absorb iron, so taking oral iron supplements with
orange juice is of benefit.
Parenteral
Iron : In cases where oral iron has either
proven ineffective, would be too slow (for example, pre-operatively) or where
absorption is impeded (for example in cases of inflammation), parenteral
iron can be used. The body can absorb up to 6 mg iron daily from the
gastrointestinal tract. In many cases the patient has a deficit of over
1,000 mg of iron which would require several months to replace. This can
be given concurrently with erythropoietin to ensure sufficient iron for increased
rates of Erythropoiesis.
Transfusions
: Doctors
attempt to avoid blood transfusion in general, since multiple
lines of evidence point to increased adverse patient clinical outcomes with
more intensive transfusion strategies. The physiological principle that
reduction of oxygen delivery associated with anemia leads to adverse clinical
outcomes is balanced by the finding that transfusion does not necessarily
mitigate these adverse clinical outcomes. Blood does have risks associated,
such as disease transmission and host incompatibility, even in cases where
crossmatching was correctly undertaken. Each unit of blood is only equivalent
to 200–250 mg iron, thus requiring several units per patient to replete
iron stores. Increasingly, physicians are using parenteral
iron both to conserve a finite resource, for improved patient outcomes but
also to reduce costs to the hospital.
Hyperbaric
O2 : Treatment
of exceptional blood loss (anemia) is recognized as an indication for hyperbaric
oxygen (HBO) by the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical
Society.[31][32] The use
of HBO is indicated when oxygen delivery to tissue is not sufficient in patients who
cannot be given blood transfusions for medical or religious
reasons. HBO may be used for medical reasons when threat of blood
product incompatibility or concern for transmissible disease are factors. The
beliefs of some religions (ex: Jehovah's Witnesses) may
require they use the HBO method.
Vitamin supplements
given orally (folic acid) or intramuscularly (vitamin
B12) will replace specific deficiencies.
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